September 16, 2010 "People's Daily" published a lengthy communication "among the bottom upward mobility difficulties" raise the question: the reasons for the poor will become poorer, the rich will become richer reason? Article lamenting the trend of widening gap between rich and poor becoming more serious, "class curing" the grim social realities that have led before us, and then can not be ignored.
As early as 2004, China Academy of Social Sciences, "Social Mobility in Contemporary China" survey report pointed out: cadres, cadres and their children the opportunity to be right and wrong more than 2.1 times the children of cadres. Head of the subject was to alert Lu Xueyi pointed out: "If three, five or even ten, years the long run, it is not a question of 2.1 times, this figure will be higher than that."
In recent years, "second-generation migrant workers", "poor second generation", "Fu II", "the official second-generation", "Ridge II" (family generations are state-owned monopoly) concept increasingly clear, People are changing the fate of the channel is narrowing. From the bottom of society to the middle class, and more on mobility more and more difficult to do it?
Reading by
Knowledge does not necessarily change the fate of the
In 2009, the number of the national college entrance exam jumped 84 million. Why cause more than the number absent, the population gradually reduced, and poor personal performance objective reasons can not be ignored. But media reports, vocational, college and university graduates "difficult job, low income." "Expensive tuition fees," "graduation means unemployment" is the test rural students to give up one of the important reasons.
Shandong provincial government departments are now working in the home is transferred to a fairy Zhou Xing. 10 years ago, was born in a rural southwestern Hubei Province Tujia child, was admitted to a well-known universities in Shandong, so life changing. However, in recent years, this myth has become out of print.
"In recent years, many of the village children into college, but they are some sort of school, admitted to elite schools really almost disappeared." Zhou Xing feel sorry for them.
As a national-level poor counties, Zhou folks, can take on a million university tuition fees are not many. "We rely on the farmers to eat we save a few thousand dollars a year, be good." Zhou Xing said, see that many people can make money working on the outside. Now the children at home to read technical school or learning a craft, or could go out and earn money.
From ancient times, "reading education" has always been those at the bottom to achieve upward mobility, a way to change their destiny. China's reopening in 1978 after a large number of poor children through a separate entrance onto the road of life. Many people also want our children to study Zaguomaitie. However, this concept is slowly changed.
The gap caused by rural students taking less
"They also want their children to have a good solution, but it now appears, due to various factors, by changing the fate of reading has become a memory." Zhou Xing some mixed feelings, "then each of us wants to test to the county good high school. Although the same paper, but our admission to students than the county high 10 points. "
This principle is the same in college admission. Beijing students to obtain a well-known throughout the country scores higher than that of Beijing University student residence. A survey shows that, in Chongqing city, almost every candidate will have 5 points of a Dell Latitude d600 Battery . The number of extra points in 2010 accounted for 17.19% in 2009 is 30%. And rural children have fewer opportunities to obtain extra points.
Professor Pan Wei of Beijing University a set of data confirms this view, the proportion of rural students from Peking University last century 50's, 70% to 1% today. Survey, even at the agriculture-based China Agricultural University, 1999 to 2001, rural students were about 39% in 2007, has fallen to 31%.
Admitted to the university is also difficult to have a good way
"Admitted to the University and more, and admitted to the elite few." Lu'an rural school from out of the Li Lun, whose father was principal of a local school, he often heard his father with emotion, "also stand out by reading difficult. " Is typical of his hometown by "wage economy" developed. "People who go out to work, every family built a small Western-style. But this is their hard work in the city after graduating from college, buy a house by its own ability to have some difficult people, simply can not afford to give their parents at home." Lun Li said to go home before the New Year, villagers cast to praise the vision, hand, feel embarrassed now.
Li Lun emotion, though folks are still reading books everlasting "creed", but they also gradually selectively while avoiding disadvantages, even read a good university, there is no path, it is difficult to find a good work.
Migrant workers
Dreams are Difficult to change the fate of
"Now the opportunity for young people, or less of." Deputy chief designer of China's lunar exploration So Long Lehao sigh. His childhood family poverty, only cattle at home until the liberation in 1949 in Wuhan, 11-year-old was able to read, Lung Lok House Primary School, in the future and have the opportunity to change fate. He said he was a little doll of rural background, to have today's achievements, in addition to on their own, but also benefit from the opportunity.
20 years, in rural China, go out to work to change the destiny, the dream of homecoming has been circulating.
Many of the young migrant workers It is with such a "gold dream" into the city. But then, they clearly recognize that the time has gone gold. With the national economic restructuring, the gradual disappearance of the demographic dividend, the income of wage increase has been seen. Subject to policy restrictions, migrant workers who lack proper social security and welfare of equality with the city, coupled with the expansion of urban-rural gap, the city increased the threshold, further reducing the possibility of migrant workers take root in the city, room for upward mobility and even fewer, displaced people have been "Gold Dream" broken.
Is a 19-year-old Yang Wangbang Qinzhou an ordinary rural children. When his people are entering the age of college, he had a stone factory in Nanning, with a bombing three years of work experience expert. However, this year he resigned from the monthly wage of 1,500 yuan, looks "can" work. The reason is to work with is the father of Yang Kuei Dongguan together to work together, "father and son have a care of."
Junior high school graduates to work out the Yangwang Bang said he had not read the material. In his eyes, two years older than his cousin informed. Cousin told him to work out is to see the world, experience the city, the dream of getting rich is not so easy to implement. Pure services can not do the ordinary work of a highly technical jobs to find work, is their sense of the future.
After the 90 eyes of a new generation of migrant workers, the city did not change the fate of their dreams.
Vested by
Dad to fight the good life
Second half of 2009, labor and employment, Nanjing Customs District, a career management center for the preparation of personnel Dell Inspiron 640m Battery, hiring three of four in a Board led by children. According to its interpretation of higher level units, the recruitment of itself is no cause for the establishment, including serving staff and Council staff and workers in children or spouses. This is a system "open and fair" recruitment.
"Official daddy" to help careers
WANG Xin (a pseudonym) does not deny his "official second-generation" status, the father is a prefecture-level city in central officials. In the eyes of high school teachers and students, smart, studious, he is absolutely Tsinghua University, Beijing University of seedling. However, the college entrance examination that year, the fate of a joke with him, he scored from the north line of difference between the sort of admission. Open to one of his father points to the "credentials" before he had admitted dangerous line, into the university gate. After graduating college in 2003 the King of hearts, also want to earn their own ability and hard work. However, he felt "a far cry from the ideal and the reality" in his father's help, eventually into a large state-owned monopoly enterprises.
Wang talk about the heart does not care about, because all this is reality. Students in the heart of the king lacking in outstanding person. But after graduation, students who do not have social resources can only be blind to opportunity.
"Rich Dad" design life son
Lin Shanxi home country (a pseudonym), is now a Dell Inspiron 1520 Battery of a central civil service, he admitted to the Master himself from the civil service exam, is designed for his family. His father is what they often call the "coal bosses." A college student, the students jokes said: home flush with cash, use the truck out. However, Dad did not want him to take over the business, but the government asked him to do things. The final in his father's guidance and "support", he applied for the central position of an organ of the popular and successfully admitted. Soon, my father gave him in the Beijing Fourth Ring bought a house.
Lin states that he had no experience of their peers "North floating" feeling. Just graduated a few years, he flies around good students, most parents rely on the economic, relations be strong backing. Find a job, buy a house, a car, which one is missing the support of parents will not work.
According to "Michael thinking - the employment of university graduates of 2009 and the ability to work" Survey: half a year after graduation for the sector, farmers and children of migrant workers, 35% of graduates not employed, and the management of their children are not employed only 15%.
Expert interviews
Flow mechanism is not fair and reasonable
Risk of a setback modern
Gu Jun of Shanghai University sociology professor, said: "From the reality of the situation, at present, obstruction to flow between all levels of the circumstances exist."
Vice President of China Institute of Labour Remuneration Committee Chairman Hanan also raised concerns: "In recent years, the bottom of society, especially farmers and children of families of migrant workers, to achieve upward mobility through education less and less power, increasing the cost of , the channel has narrowed the trend. "
Struggle can change your life?
"Historically, China's reform and opening up many opportunities provided for people. At that time, as long as courage, into the sea when the self-employed, engaged in contracting, the university entrance exam, study abroad, and later play the stock market, and speculation, GEM get these people to change their own destiny. "Gu Jun said," These do not need too many family relationships, not resources, courage to do it on the line. "But the situation is different. Growing need for resources to survive a person, no family background and social resources of Dell Xps m1330 Battery , more and more difficult to change their destiny.
For example, he said that now the students to some of the financial unit candidates are required to complete a family table, can not be admitted, when completing the form, it has been sealed. "There is no exchange of resources for students, and ultimately only the fate of being eliminated." The Tangjialing those "ant", not all college students, but of poor students without resources issues.
What exactly is a reasonable flow? Gu Jun said: "At present, no one can do such a survey, at the technical level is difficult to achieve, requires a lot of manpower." However, the society to develop, there must be adequate flow. Gu Chun some concerns: "China's class is in the process gradually, once the 'cure', the couple is difficult to re-enter."
Not enough channels open society
"Social resources are mainly economic resources, organizational and cultural resources of three. In other countries, three types of resources are often united in the hands of certain minority groups, income, power, prestige, are generally consistent, unified the three. China In the 20th century until the mid 90's, three resources are not unified. cadres have the right, but its income and cultural resources, relatively small; intellectuals turned out to be a prestigious cultural, social reputation is good, but the right is too small , too little money; owner money, but the lack of prestige and power resources, 20 80s boss saying: poor that only money. "Lu Xueyi this in an interview when he talked about.
"Now, many officials of the wage is not very high, but there is room car, and some people even graduated from high school, but also when going to get hold of Dr; Many professors have a lot higher wages, some people buy a car, live in the senior apartments. and the boss of the Dr. a lot, a lot also when on the CPPCC members and deputies. "Lu Xueyi analysis," Now is not the risk of both the elite began three social resources, but fair, just and reasonable not doing enough. channels open enough, such as the hukou system card with the farmers in addition to the children of the university entrance exam this road, no other channels of upward mobility, even if out of work, was a migrant workers. "
He pointed out that: the planned economy left some of the institutional barriers (such as household registration system, employment system, personnel Dell Inspiron 9400 Battery, the social security system, etc.) is still hampered by upward mobility to higher social status, social mobility patterns showing the old and new coexist in duality of social mobility features.
He reminded the gathering of social resources, and subsequent reforms have not kept pace, accounts, jobs, largely stuck with the personnel system, channels of social mobility and the risk of being closed.
For a society: the movement of persons at different levels, is conducive to the social harmony. Flow more active, more flow channels, usually the more dynamic society. On the contrary, if China can not be formed in the fair, reasonable and open social class structure and social mobility mechanisms, may lead to social structural contradictions, the modernization of the Chinese economy is facing difficulties, and even retrogression dangerous.
Mobile really reduced?
In March this year, received an interview, Lu Xueyi that his current division of social class structure has not changed. This is a class by the state and social administrators, managers, private entrepreneurs, professionals, officers, individual businesses, business services staff, industrial workers, agricultural workers and other unemployed persons and unemployment half ten Classes. However, the number is different. Increase in the number of middle class.
Lu Xueyi said, according to his statistics show that in recent years, Chinese society is accelerating down the flow, flow from the bottom middle of the staff, estimated seven million people each year, which is basically an annual increase of 7 million to 8 million of the middle class. He said that now nearly one million every year the boss (private entrepreneurs). The history, the average annual increase of only 50 million, most of these bosses are in the middle. At the same time, now more than 100 million annual increase in individual business, assume that 20% to 30% of the middle class, that every year there are 300,000 into the middle. Aquaculture and agriculture specialized households, total more than 100 million people at least, this is not a small sum.
However, the view of Lu Xueyi, Gu Chun put forward different views.
"Ten of his class divide, I think that is unreasonable. I think China should use a concentric stratification to express. The core of concentric circles is the 'power'. Farther away from the Dell Latitude c640 Battery , just like screw rotation Like, was thrown outside. "
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